Common Cold

The common cold is a mild, self-limiting viral infection of the nose and throat. It is one of the most frequent reasons for missed school or work days and, while unpleasant, usually resolves on its own within a week or two.

• Runny or stuffy nose
• Sore throat
• Cough
• Sneezing
• Mild body aches or a low-grade headache
• Mild fatigue; fever is uncommon and usually mild in adults, though more common in young children

• Caused by any of over 200 different viruses, most commonly rhinoviruses.
• Spread through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, or by touching a contaminated surface and then the eyes, nose, or mouth.
• Risk is increased by close contact with someone who has a cold, particularly in crowded indoor settings, and in young children in group childcare.

• Diagnosed clinically based on the typical combination of mild nasal, throat, and cough symptoms.
• Testing is not usually needed, since the illness is mild and self-limiting; assessment focuses on ruling out other, more serious causes if symptoms are unusually severe or prolonged.

There is no cure for the common cold, and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms while the body clears the infection on its own, typically within 7–10 days.

Rest, adequate fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen can help with aches, sore throat, and fever.

Saline nasal sprays or rinses can help relieve nasal congestion.

Antibiotics are not effective against the common cold, since it is caused by a virus, and should not be used unless a bacterial complication develops.

Medical assessment is recommended if symptoms are severe, last more than about 10 days without improving, or are accompanied by high fever, chest pain, or difficulty breathing.

• Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after coughing, sneezing, or being in public places.
• Avoid close contact with people who have a cold where possible.
• Avoid touching the face, particularly the eyes, nose, and mouth, with unwashed hands.
• Cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the elbow, and dispose of used tissues promptly.