Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes skin cells to build up rapidly, forming thick, scaly patches. It is a lifelong condition with periods of flare-ups and remission, and can also affect the joints in some people.

• Raised, red patches of skin covered with silvery-white scales, most commonly on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back
• Itching, soreness, or a burning sensation in affected areas
• Dry, cracked skin that may bleed
• Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails in some people
• Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling occur in a subset of people with psoriasis (psoriatic arthritis)

• Results from an overactive immune response that speeds up the growth cycle of skin cells, causing them to build up on the skin's surface.
• Genetic factors play a role, and psoriasis often runs in families.
• Flares can be triggered by stress, skin injury, certain infections, cold weather, and some medicines.

• Diagnosed clinically based on the characteristic appearance and distribution of the raised, scaly patches.
• A skin biopsy is occasionally used in uncertain cases to confirm the diagnosis.
• Assessment for joint symptoms is important, as psoriatic arthritis can accompany skin psoriasis and requires additional management.

Regular moisturising helps reduce dryness, scaling, and itching, and supports the effectiveness of other treatments.

Topical treatments, such as a corticosteroid cream or a vitamin D analogue cream, are typically the first-line treatment for mild to moderate psoriasis, applied directly to affected areas.

Phototherapy (controlled exposure to ultraviolet light under medical supervision), where available, can be effective for more widespread disease.

For moderate to severe psoriasis not controlled by topical treatment, or for psoriatic arthritis, oral or injectable systemic medicines that modify the immune response are used under specialist supervision.

Ongoing follow-up helps monitor disease activity and adjust treatment, as psoriasis is a long-term condition with a fluctuating course.

• Moisturise regularly to reduce dryness and scaling.
• Identify and manage personal triggers, such as stress or skin injury, where possible.
• Avoid excessive alcohol intake and smoking, both of which can worsen psoriasis.
• Protect the skin from injury, as trauma to the skin can trigger new patches in some people.
• Attend regular follow-up, including reporting any new joint pain or stiffness promptly.